A few limitations of the current study are noteworthy. First, we assessed only one facet of religiosity—religious service attendance—which represents a combination of community level involvement and strength of religious beliefs. While we did have data on other aspects of personal spirituality, these measures were not retrospectively reported during childhood, a period critical to the onset of alcohol use. Second, as our measures of C-RA, A-RA, and alcohol involvement were collected contemporaneously, these cross-sectional data do not allow us to make causal assertions. Third, we did not have data on male twins and, given that findings differ in males,29 our findings may not generalize across gender. Fourth, we did not examine whether RA moderated the extent of heritable influences on alcohol involvement (similar to25,26), so we cannot draw conclusions regarding whether the heritability of alcohol involvement varied as a function of C-RA or A-RA. Fifth, our relatively small sample size of Black twins may have restricted our power to significantly detect certain correlations and variance components. For instance, C-RA is associated with a lower likelihood of ever drinking as well
