Using the strategy outlined above, the initial literature search generated a total of 6395 unique records (Fig. 1). Eight records were retrieved from bibliographical searching (k = 1), hand-searching journals (k = 4) and grey literature searching (k = 3). The title/abstract review produced 160 records deemed relevant and eligible for full-text review. Of these, 147 articles were excluded for not containing a substance use-related stigma intervention (k = 123) or not involving primary research (k = 24). In total, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria for our review [58–70].
