each age interval and an improved estimation of the association among all relatives, but especially MZ twins, where the data were sparsest. While this genetic slope (GS) is estimated using information from the general population and all the relative pairs, it can most easily be understood from the following formula: HR_MZd = HR_GP × GS. That is, the estimated HR from discordant MZ twins (MZd) is obtained by multiplying the HR estimated from the general population (GP) by GS. Thus, a GS near unity means that the HRs are similar in the population and discordant MZ twin pairs, suggesting little familial confounding and a potential causal association between AUD and mortality. AGS value approaching zero means a sharp decline in the HRs across relative pairs of increasing affinity and, therefore, reflects a high degree of familial confounding.
