(Lansford, 2009). Fourth, although we treated parental divorce and parental discord as predictors of alcohol outcomes, it is important to note that timing of parental divorce and parental discord was not modeled in relation to offspring alcohol outcomes. Thus, our results are not meant to be interpreted causally. Finally, we used genome-wide polygenic risk scores to index offspring genetic risk for alcohol problems and to examine gene-environment effects. At present, polygenic risk scores for alcohol outcomes have limited predictive ability, accounting for approximately <2% of the variation (Kranzler et al., 2019; Sanchez-Roige et al., 2017; Walters et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2020).
