The decreased statistical significance across transformations does not rule out the possibility that parental knowledge is an important environmental moderator of genetic predispositions on adolescent substance use. Studies have shown an interaction between parenting characteristics and specific genetic polymorphisms on general substance use and externalizing behavior (Brody et al., 2009; Dick et al., 2009). Additionally parental knowledge may not be the most important parental characteristic for alcohol use specifically. Miles et al. (2005) found that parental closeness was the most important parental characteristic for moderating the genetic influences on adolescent alcohol use. In the context of these previous findings, the change in our findings from statistically significant to trend-level across transformation, it is reasonable to conclude that the relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent alcohol use is subtler than that between peer deviance and adolescent alcohol use. Alcohol use and specifically problematic use can be assessed and represented in a variety of ways. Because there is no true metric for alcohol problems, inconsistent findings with one scaling versus another only serve to remind us that we are testing for statistical
