is one of several approaches (Solovieff et al., 2013). However, we have previously shown that this method outperforms a range of alternatives for detecting pleiotropy under various settings (Zhu et al., 2018). Fourth, our designation of loci as pleiotropic vs. non-pleiotropic loci refers only to their observed effects on the eight target brain disorders. Thus, some of the “non-pleiotropic” loci may have additional effects on psychiatric phenotypes that were not included in our meta-analysis and/or on non-psychiatric phenotypes. Fifth, our functional genomic analyses were constrained by the limitations of existing resources (e.g. spatiotemporal gene expression data resources). Our work underscores the need for more comprehensive functional data including single cell transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles across development and brain tissues. Lastly, we included only individuals of European ancestry to avoid potential confounding due to ancestral heterogeneity across distinct disorder studies. Similar efforts are needed to examine these questions in other populations.
