Models for any current smoking and daily smoking are presented in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. Strong stability of smoking behaviors across age was observed. Having ever smoked by age 12 predicted lower school performance at age 14, and both any current smoking and daily smoking at age 14 negatively predicted student status at age 17. Better school performance at age 14 and higher student status at age 17 decreased the likelihood of smoking at age 17 and in young adulthood, respectively, and better school performance at age 12 decreased the likelihood of smoking daily at age 14. Daily smoking at age 17 also predicted lower education in young adulthood. Similar to alcohol use, the models for smoking behaviors had an excellent fit to data (smoking: χ2[7]=5.95, p=.546, CFI=1.000, RMSEA=.000; daily smoking: χ2[7]=7.03, p=.426, CFI=1.000, RMSEA=.001).
