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Chunk #36 — Discussion — Study strengths and noteworthy findings

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The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium.
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Given the nearly omnipresent nature of TE exposure, no obvious single vulnerable group emerges for interventions. Rather, limited resources may need to be dedicated to those segments of the population that are more likely to be exposed to multiple TEs. While most TE types were associated with subsequent TE exposure, the magnitude of those associations varied; the strongest associations were for interpersonal violence predicting subsequent interpersonal and sexual violence, confirming and expanding upon previous studies of revictimization (Rich et al. 2005; Testa et al. 2007). There are different plausible explanations for these associations. On the one hand, psychological consequences of being victimized may increase vulnerability to future TEs via a selection bias for victimization. For example, it has been suggested that perpetrators prey on those who are psychologically vulnerable, i.e. have low self-esteem, are socially isolated or feel powerless (Grauerholz, 2000). There is also evidence that psychological numbing and risky behaviors resulting from childhood sexual abuse may contribute to the risk for revictimization due to decreased ability to respond assertively to unwanted sexual advances (Ullman et al. 2009). On the