complex phenotypes. As such, a significant trans-eQTL for a trait-associated variant does not necessarily mean that the same underlying variant affects both the phenotype and gene expression. Third, PGS estimates have been shown to have variable prediction accuracy even when evaluated within the same ancestry. This variability may be caused by differences in sample characteristics (e.g. age, sex, socio-economic status) in the original GWAS as well as the dataset in which the PGS is calculated52. Such variability may therefore have caused either inflation or deflation of our eQTS effect sizes. Although we present several examples that are interpretable in the context of the respective traits, caution is needed when drawing conclusions on higher-level phenotypes. Instead, our resource should serve as a starting point for further in-depth studies that can reliably connect the reported eQTL and eQTS associations to phenotypes.
