et al., 1987; 1988; Morrow-Tlucak, et al., 1989; Jacobson, et al., 2002). In the absence of reliable biomarkers of long-term drinking (Cook, 2003; Kulaga, et al., 2006; Ostrea, et al., 2006), retrospective report may also be the only alternative available when seeking to identify fetal risk drinking when making diagnoses later in life. The present results suggest that retrospective report may be a viable option given the likelihood of maternal under-reporting of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, or when faced with alcohol drinking assessments missing from normal prenatal care or incomplete medical records, despite the possibility of a response bias. Further, retrospective report may be and in practice usually is the only information available on prenatal alcohol exposure. The present results validate the current diagnostic practices by showing that retrospective report is effective in predicting outcomes associated with FASDs. Because initiating interventions for exposed and affected children is usually predicated upon a diagnosis that, in the absence of the defining facial characteristics of FAS, requires identifying risk levels of that prenatal alcohol exposure, there is a compelling need to determine the effectiveness of retrospective assessment of at-risk drinking in a prior pregnancy. The present results support the hypothesis that retrospective reports,
