DSM-5 has tweaked the diagnostic criteria so that the symptoms better capture ODD among adults (e.g., adding “authority figures” not just “adults” to the “often argues” criterion; APA, 2013, p. 462). Likewise, recent studies have examined ODD symptoms among adults (e.g., Harpold et al., 2007; Reimherr et al., 2013; Witkiewitz et al., 2013) and concluded that ODD is a valid diagnosis for adults and is relatively common among adults, especially those with ADHD. Still, the preponderance of studies on ODD have been conducted on child and adolescent samples. When examining the issue of the underlying structure of the disorder itself, however, it is apropos to do so within both a child sample and an adult sample to address developmental questions that have been raised in the research (e.g., Frick and Nigg, 2012).
