A number of authors have suggested certain symptoms (e.g., callous unemotional traits, aggression, rules violations, impulsivity, and fearlessness), as well as their age of onset and persistence (early childhood onset, adolescent limited, late onset) might be useful in predicting the clinical course of ASPD and AABS (Blair et al., 2014; Camp et al., 2013; Fairchild et al., 2013; Fanti, 2018; Jolliffe et al., 2017; Loeber and Burke, 2011). These studies have in large part been conducted in high risk males, and/or in incarcerated men and women, and there are a paucity of studies as to whether the clinical course differs, based on race or sex, in larger community samples of adults (see Garb, 2021; Tully et al., 2021).
