PTSD, although also unrelated to cocaine dependence severity, was the only anxiety disorder that was associated with an increased likelihood of having received cocaine dependence treatment or participated in cocaine dependence self-help groups. Comorbid PTSD is associated with poorer treatment outcomes than cocaine dependence without PTSD across a variety of measures (Najavits et al., 2007). Pharmacotherapy has not been evaluated for comorbid cocaine dependence and PTSD, but several psychotherapy models have been developed and one— Seeking Safety (Najavits et al., 2006)—has shown evidence of efficacy in several open and randomized clinical trials (Schafer and Najavits, 2007).
