Socioeconomic disadvantage93,94, long-term poverty95,96 and cumulative disadvantage97 from multiple sources are associated with heavy drinking and alcohol problems, and experiencing multiple and persistent forms of socioeconomic disadvantage across childhood and into adulthood is associated with heavy drinking and alcohol problems in adulthood98. In the U.S., African Americans have much higher rates of poverty than Whites, and they also are more likely to experience long-term poverty99. These socioeconomic risk factors for alcohol problems may be stronger for Blacks and Latinos/Hispanics than Whites100,101.
