Certain limitations should be considered when interpreting results of the study. First, prospective assessment of CPA would likely result in more accurate overall estimates of the prevalence of CPA, although it is unlikely that our use of retrospective reports impacted the consistency in CPA reporting across question types, as the two sets of questions were administered in the same interview. Second, our sample was ascertained from Missouri birth records, and, as Missouri is not necessarily representative of the rest of the country, findings may not be consistent with other regions. Additionally, a portion of this sample was selected based on high risk status pertaining to paternal alcohol involvement; however, only a small portion of the total sample (10.2%, n = 458) was classified as high risk and risk status was taken into account in all analyses. Third, the lifetime prevalence estimate of AUD (30.9%) in the current sample was slightly elevated in comparison to nationally representative samples (Grant et al., 2015; Hawkins et al., 2010). Therefore, findings in this population may not be generalizable to a more heterogeneous community; however,
