In this study, leveraging direct motor cortex recording, 3D-motion tracking, and walking task trials, we demonstrate that (i) freezing trials had higher PAC in M1, and the high PAC was not induced by dual-tasking or velocity change; (ii) non-freezing episodes in freezing trials also had excessive PAC, which predicted freezing severity; and (iii) STN-DBS reduced PAC and alleviated clinical freezing, while the PAC reduction was not the only cause of freezing alleviation. A ‘bandwidth model’ was further proposed to explain the occurrence and treatment of FOG.
