Some limitations of the current study must be acknowledged. One pertains to the approach that was used to decompose the feedback-related ERP into distinctive FRN and P300 components (i.e., initial frequency-filtering, followed by PCA decomposition of the TF data). We used this approach because of prior data linking these two components to particular frequency bands, and because our primary objective was to separate these components in order to evaluate each in relation to externalizing proneness. However, in future work, it may be of interest to undertake more detailed analyses employing unfiltered time-frequency data or filtered data reflecting a greater number of components. A second point is that the task procedures commonly used to investigate the ERN and FRN differ in numerous ways, so it is unclear to what extent their contrasting relations with externalizing proneness reflect a fundamental distinction between the ERN and FRN (i.e., the brain’s response to self-identified performance errors versus the response to negative external feedback) or a product of differing performance conditions in the tasks (flanker versus gambling) within which they are recorded. Evaluating the relationship
