Our primary outcome was emergency department visit or inpatient hospitalization for any alcohol-related acute event during insurance enrollment. Such events were defined on the basis of established methods and ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes22 as either (1) 100% alcohol-attributable acute events (eg, alcohol poisoning) or (2) health care encounters involving an alcohol-related diagnosis (eg, alcoholic liver disease or chronic alcohol dependence) in combination with acute events that are known to be associated with excess alcohol use (eg, falls, injuries, and poisonings).22
