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Chunk #23 — 3. Biological co-expression networks: Transcriptional regulation in alcohol use disorder — 3.2: MicroRNAs as transcriptional regulators

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Gene expression profiling in the human alcoholic brain.
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Protein-coding genes have traditionally been the most well-studied sequences in the human genome; however, these genes account for less than 2% of known structural and regulatory molecular elements (Alexander et al., 2010). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key transcriptional and post-translational regulators, representing a large and diverse class of epigenetic factors that coordinate normal patterns of gene expression (Alexander et al., 2010). In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is functionally important and required for normal development and physiology, and is also linked with a number of diseases (Cech and Steitz, 2014; Mercer et al., 2009). This fundamental change in our understanding has resulted from data generated by advanced sequencing techniques that have transformed our view of the central dogma that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein. ncRNAs make up a large portion of the genome (Carninci et al., 2005; Consortium, 2012; Farris et al., 2015a), and distinct ncRNA regulatory mechanisms in brain are thought to influence the development and progression of psychiatric disorders (Kocerha et al., 2015; Sartor