but decreased transmission in MD.34 This is also consistent with the fact that most genetic variants associated with mental disorders reside within regulatory elements rather than coding regions.35 Allelic variation may therefore “tune” neurobiological pathways in different directions, resulting in phenotypic differences mediated by the same pathways.36 By applying statistical tools that allow for mixed effect directions and estimation of effects sizes, new insight into neurobiological substrates for mental disorders is possible.
