The term FAS, or fetal alcohol syndrome, is used throughout this paper to refer to patients or subjects who meet the diagnostic criteria for FAS, as defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM; Stratton, Howe, & Battaglia, 1996), including modifications suggested by Hoyme et al. (Hoyme et al., 2005). The term FASD, or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, is used to refer to the larger group of patients who are affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and who may or may not meet diagnostic criteria for FAS (Bertrand et al., 2004). Individuals encompassed under this non-diagnostic umbrella term are those with diagnoses of FAS, partial FAS, or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) (Bertrand, et al., 2004; Hoyme, et al., 2005), as well as individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure who may not have any diagnosis.
