standard curve was generated from 7 serial dilutions of a mixture of cDNA from each High and Low LG offspring, and gene expression was quantified relative to the tubulin housekeeping gene (480 lightcycler, Roche) for an additional cohort of 8 High LG and 8 Low LG offspring, according to previously published methods (Table S2; [19], [57]). All reactions for all genes were performed in triplicate and statistical significance was determined as P<0.05 using one-tailed t-tests.