consistent with several previous studies that have examined single externalizing phenotypes (e.g., conduct problems, alcohol use, smoking) and environmental moderators (e.g., peers, social and demographic variables)5,6,22,35-37,64,65. Integrating our results with the broader literature then suggests a general principle of G-E interplay such that environments that are more constrained, structured, and less stressful suppress genetic risk while unconstrained and more stressful environments amplify genetic risk for externalizing behaviors (though some have suggested this general mechanism can be further delineated)66.
