Variation in a number of genes and gene regions is associated with LR. Variation in GABRA2 [48] and in the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene on chromosome 17 [49] are associated with subjective responses to alcohol and/or body sway in alcohol challenge studies. Variation in the μ opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) on chromosome 6 is associated with subjective responses to alcohol in alcohol infusion studies of problem and [50] non-problem drinkers [51] and self-rated effects of alcohol in a Native American sample [52]. A systematic genome-wide scan in the same Native American sample identified regions of interest on chromosomes 6, 10, 12, and 17 that were associated with participants’ self-reported subjective LR early in their drinking careers [53]. Variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) on chromosome 12 was associated with self-reported subjective LR early in the drinking careers of a sample of Chinese- and Korean-American college students [54]. Finally, variants in the cholinergic nicotinic receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) on chromosome 15 [55, 56] and genes sets implicated in neuronal signaling [57] were associated with LR in a sample of young adult offspring of alcoholics.
