To make these differential activity motif results more robust, we utilized a pseudobulk approach: averaging per-cell motif scores for all cells within a sample of a given cell type, taking the log, and then using an ANOVA – with sex, age, and ethnic origin as covariates – to test for differences between those with and without AUD. All samples used for differential accessibility testing (see ‘ATAC Pseudobulk Samples Creation’) were used for this analysis.