reasons and ease of interpretability, the current study focused only on how PTSD affected relations between TE and various types of SUD; however, future studies should consider whether other forms of psychopathology (e.g., depression) also account for additional portions of the trauma effect. Fourth, future studies should consider other substance use constructs including age of first use and level of use, as these variables can influence the development and severity of SUD. Fifth, the relatively small proportion of women in the current sample precluded an examination of whether gender modifies pathways from TE/PTSD to SUDs. Future studies with larger proportions of women may better elucidate this question.
