Second, our finding of shared environmental moderation stands in sharp contrast to those studies conducted on adolescent and emerging adult samples (e.g. Feinberg et al. 2007; Hicks et al. 2009), for which conflictive/negative parenting appears to directly exacerbate genetic influences on conduct problems. This same developmental pattern (bioecological moderation in childhood, diathesis–stress moderation in adolescence) has also been identified for delinquent peer affiliation (e.g. Harden et al. 2008; Hicks et al. 2009). Such findings collectively (if speculatively) imply that the moderating effects of particular environmental experiences may shift in meaningful ways over the course of development. Although this possible developmental shift is inconsistent with the common (if implicit) assumption that G × E are unaffected by human development (Burt, 2011), it does dovetail quite nicely with the broader literatures regarding heritability and rGE (Scarr & McCartney, 1983). For example, prior work has convincingly demonstrated that the importance of genetic influences on CP change dramatically from childhood through adolescence (Lyons et al. 1995; Burt & Klump, 2009; Burt & Neiderhiser, 2009). It thus stands to reasons that the constituent pieces of
