stress due to the experience of racism and inequality and related variability in environmental factors (e.g., socio-economic status) that affect disease risk. However, the reliance on race and ethnicity as proxy variables for environmental effects or in order to control for population structure may be inappropriate. Better understanding and measurement of causal environmental risk factors is critical in order to advance discovery methods beyond these over-simplified and potentially harmful constructs of non-genetic contributors to trait variability.
