The VUMC biobank, BioVU, served as the discovery population. BioVU includes more than 285,000 inpatients and outpatients seen at VUMC whose DNA was extracted from whole blood, and linked to de-identified EHR data spanning 1990–2017 [16]. The BioVU Consent form is provided to patients in the clinic environments at VUMC. The form states policies on data sharing and privacy, and should a signature be obtained, makes any blood leftover from clinical care eligible for BioVU banking. The VUMC Institutional Review Board oversees BioVU and approved this project. The ARIC cohort served as our replication population [17]. The study included 15,792 participants aged 45–64 years in 1987 recruited from four geographic areas in the United States, assessed at baseline for heart disease risk factors, and followed until December 31, 2004 for health outcomes [18]. Use of de-identified ARIC data was approved by the VUMC Institutional Review Board. De-identified ARIC phenotype and genotype data were obtained from dbGaP and analyzed per requirements laid out in the dbGaP Data Use Agreement.
