Polygenic scores were tested in two MDD case–control samples: GAIN-MDD and MDD2000+ and in two BD case–control samples: Wellcome Trust Case–Control Consortium (WTCCC) and Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). The four samples have been described in detail elsewhere.43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 MDD and BD diagnoses were assessed with commonly used standardized interviews.