In sum, this work demonstrates that EHR is a viable and cost-efficient complementary approach to rigorous clinical ascertainment for genetic studies of TUD, similar to other SUD traits. At various levels of analysis, this study identifies and prioritizes previously unidentified genes of potential interest. TUD shares biological processes common to many SUDs and is highly correlated with many psychiatric and medical disorders. We anticipate that these results can be combined with prior smoking GWAS in larger multivariate analyses to elucidate the full spectrum of smoking behaviors and accelerate gene discovery for TUD.
