abuse was found to exhibit significant total (b = 0.48, p < 0.0001) and direct effects (b = 0.34, p = 0.01) on ADS score, as well as an indirect effect through neuroticism (bootstrapped estimate = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.16) (Figure 1a). Physical abuse was found to have a significant direct effect (b = 0.28, p = 0.04) on ADS score, as well as an indirect effect through withdrawal anxiety (bootstrapped estimate = −0.10, 95% CI = −0.25, −0.01). Because these effects occur in opposite directions, i.e., physical abuse showing a direct positive association with ADS score but an indirect negative association through withdrawal anxiety symptoms, the total effect estimate ended up being less than the direct effect estimate. Physical neglect was also found to have a significant direct effect on ADS score (b = −0.36, p = 0.03); curiously this effect (negative association) was in the opposite direction as that seen for physical abuse. Neither sexual abuse nor emotional neglect were found to have significant effects on ADS score using mediation analysis. The proportion of variance explained was the same for all models testing the individual trauma types (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.0001) due to the
