While some groups restricted inclusion of the adolescent sample to high school students (Galván et al., 2006; Geier et al., 2009) and one group included an age-restricted adolescent group that inarguably captured adolescence (van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), the age range of the adolescent group in the remaining studies listed in Table 1 varies widely. For instance, the Bjork et al. (2004), May et al. (2004) and Ernst et al. (2005) studies included 12-year-old children (the latter studies included even younger children, at 9 years old) in their “adolescent” sample. While a 12-year-old might be considered an early adolescent in some academic circles, it would be hard to make the same claim for a 9-year-old. Besides, even if a 12-year-old can be considered an early or pre-adolescent, that individual is a very different adolescent than say, a 17-year-old, who presumably has more independence, has a greater likelihood of having engaged in risky and reward-seeking behavior, and has a different appreciation of money (the most commonly used reward in these studies). As such, it is time for the field to set
