Two hundred and seven African American adolescents participated in the study. At study entry, the mean age of adolescents was 14.5 years (S.D. =1.6), just over one-half (54%) were male, and about three-fifths (61.8%) were enrolled in high school. Over half of adolescents (58%) reported that they lived in single-parent homes, with their mother as the primary parent. Participants were recruited from a study of after-school programs in two cities in the Northeastern United States that were comparable in racial and ethnic composition and per capita household income. In that study, 304 adolescents were enrolled in two types of after school programs, one that emphasized adolescent decision-making skills and another that emphasized recreational activities; neither program targeted parental knowledge (Tebes et al., 2007). Analyses indicated that there was no significant interaction between parental knowledge and program condition for any substance use outcome examined. Thus, we used the combined sample of 207 students who identified as African American in this study.
