In addition to the risk factors themselves, the quantity of risk factors to which for example, youth are exposed to, has been directly correlated with the development of substance dependence [40]. A few longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have been conducted in this field, however large studies are not very prominent. Findings show that specific risk factors for adolescents include early antisocial behaviour, depression, anxiety, academic failure, socioeconomic status, delinquency, physical/sexual abuse [41, 42], hyperactivity [40] and family history of substance dependence [42]. In addition, levels of religious involvement, earlier age at first use, psychiatric history, or poor academic performance are likely to increase the frequency of substance use [39].
