or prolonged (7d) exposure [21, 32, 47]. Our findings suggest that even a very transient exposure to ethanol (24hr) will make both iPS cells and NPCs more sensitive to oxidative damage, resulting in a shift from a physiological homeostatic metabolism to an unbalanced state of inflammation, and possibly autophagy. The detailed cellular process involving autophagy, such as variations of Atg7 or Atg5, requires further studies.
