The Army STARRS (Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers) participants included individuals recruited from two different groups: The New Soldier Study and The Pre-Post Deployment Study. All subjects gave written informed consent to participate. These procedures were approved by the Human Subjects Committees of all collaborating institutions. Detailed information about the design and conduct of the Army STARRS is available in a previous report21. Every individual was diagnosed using a self-administered questionnaire, which included the adapted versions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scales (CIDI-SC). As previously described22, the CIDI‐SC assessment was used to determine lifetime prevalence of 12 common lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders, including substance use disorder (substance dependence and abuse) for alcohol and/or drugs combined (i.e., SUDcombined). Suicidality was assessed using a modified version of the Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale, which assesses the lifetime occurrence of SI (“Did you ever in your life have thoughts of killing yourself? [Yes/No]” OR “Did you ever wish you were dead or would go to sleep and never wake up? [Yes/No]”), SP (“Did you ever have any intention to
