We fitted a genotype-sex interaction effect in the model, and did not find any significant interaction effect for all the traits (Supplementary Table 8). We also estimated the variance explained by all the autosomal SNPs in each gender group in each cohort separately, and did not observe clear evidence of genetic heterogeneity between males and females (Supplementary Table 9). However, there are exceptions, for example, the p-value for a test of heterogeneity between males and females for vWF was 0.007 (0.024 after PC-adjustment), which may indicate real genetic difference between males and females for this trait. When taking multiple testing into account, the test was not significant after a Bonferroni correction. For weight and BMI, the p-values only verge on significance even when hG2 are estimated to be zero in males, suggesting a lack of power to detect an interaction.
