The novel-sound N2 and P3 were quantified from novel-minus-standard difference ERPs. The target N2 and P3 were quantified from the subtraction between the target ERPs and training-session ERPs including only targets, to control for activities related to motor preparation. Amplitude averages of the F-line (F1, Fz, and F2), C-line (C1, Cz, and C2), and P-line (P1, Pz, P2) electrodes were calculated at the peak latency determined from the electrode location where each component was expected to be maximal. In addition to reducing the number of statistical comparisons, this procedure was expected to reduce the account of uncorrelated noise across the individual electrodes within a set and, subsequently, to improve the signal/noise ratio (SNR) of our ERP measures. The novel-sound N2 latency was determined from the most negative peak at FCz (an electrode between Fz- and Cz-lines) at 150 to 350 milliseconds poststimulus, the novel-sound P3 latency from the most positive peak at Cz at 200 to 550 milliseconds, the target N2 latency from the most negative peak at Cz at 150 to 350 milliseconds, and the target P3 latency from
