We observed similar results after converting participants’ weights to z-scores – the number of standard deviations a child’s weight differs from a population and age-specific normative value (Figure S4). The difference in z-score between the top and bottom deciles was 0.11 for birthweight (p = 0.03), but this gradient had increased to 0.75 by 8 years and 0.90 by 18 years (p < 0.0001).
