combined with a t test (Methods—“Model comparison”) showed similar behavior, albeit with lower MCC. Non-compositional models, such as the Beta-Binomial model16, the scDC model7, or univariate t tests, (purple lines in Fig. 2) included more false positives with increasing effect size (Fig. 2d, e) and the number of replicates per group, highlighting the need for a compositional adjustment when modeling population data from scRNA-seq.