drink heavily, African American youth are significantly more likely than their European American peers to be concerned about their parents’ disapproval of their drinking alcohol (Ringwalt & Palmer, 1990). It is thought that due to the higher level of constraints placed on youth by their parents, parental influence may in fact be a stronger determinant of drug use than peer influence for African American youth compared to other racial groups (Clark, Belgrave, & Abell, 2012; Wallace & Muroff, 2002).
