saccharin in rats that had developed an aversion [45]. A complementary study was performed in rats with a conditioned taste preference to a normally aversive tastant, using a procedure eloquently developed by Sclafani and colleagues [46]. DA in the NAc was found to be elevated in response to an appetitively conditioned taste [47]. These studies represented some of the first reports that ingestive-related learning could modify DA output in the NAc.