DSM-IV organizes ODD, CD and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) hierarchically and developmentally, ‘as if they reflect age-dependent expressions of the same underlying disorder’ (Moffitt et al., 2008, p. 22). ODD is assumed to constitute a developmental antecedent to CD in ‘a significant proportion of cases’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and it is noted that youth showing the Childhood-Onset sub-type of CD (though not Adolescent-Onset) may have had ODD during early childhood.
