The recently introduced dynamic model of relapse [8] takes many of the RREP criticisms into account. Additionally, the revised model has generated enthusiasm among researchers and clinicians who have observed these processes in their data and their clients [122,123]. Still, some have criticized the model for not emphasizing interpersonal factors as proximal or phasic influences [122,123]. Other critiques include that nonlinear dynamic systems approaches are not readily applicable to clinical interventions [124], and that the theory and statistical methods underlying these approaches are esoteric for many researchers and clinicians [14]. Rather than signaling weaknesses of the model, these issues could simply reflect methodological challenges that researchers must overcome in order to better understand dynamic aspects of behavior [45]. Ecological momentary assessment [44], either via electronic device or interactive voice response methodology, could provide the data necessary to fully test the dynamic model of relapse. Ideally, assessments of coping, interpersonal stress, self-efficacy, craving, mood, and other proximal factors could be collected multiple times per day over the course of several months, and combined with a thorough pre-treatment assessment battery of distal
