high doses of ethanol followed by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Qin et al., 2008). Interestingly, one of the cytokines that increased in rat brain, MCP-1 (Ccl2), was also increased in the brain of human alcoholics (He and Crews, 2008). Recently, Kong et al. (2010) found up-regulation of genes in the Toll and Imd innate immune signaling pathways in Drosophila exposed to ethanol, extending the link between alcohol and immune mediators to invertebrates.
