Participants rated four items from the POMS on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) (McNair et al., 1971). Two items, joyful and cheerful, were from the happiness subscale (loadings = 0.86, and 0.88 respectively) and two items, energetic and lively, were from the vigor subscale (loadings = 0.82, and 0.82 respectively). The four items were summed to form the PA subscale.
