The current analyses address the questions regarding possible culture bound and gender effects of the LR model in the largest group for which elements of the LR-based model in Figure 1 have been evaluated, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). In this population-based prospective study of a birth cohort (Golding et al., 2001; Schuckit et al., 2008a, b), self-report measures of the LR to alcohol along with measures of drinking patterns and problems were added to the ongoing protocol when the ALSPAC children reached about age 12 (Schuckit et al., 2005). Data generated from ALSPAC have established correlations in the range of .40 to .50 between a lower LR and heavier alcohol intake, as well as correlations of about .28 between LR and alcohol problems in children as young as age 12 (Schuckit et al., 2005). A subsequent two-year followup demonstrated significant relationships between an earlier low LR and later alcohol patterns of consumption and problems, even after controlling for baseline drinking characteristics (Schuckit et al., 2008b). Also, a SEM analysis of 688 ALSPAC offspring demonstrated both
