may be harmful. While it may be that adolescents who externalize elicit more discipline from parents, these associations were also found for measures of adolescent internalizing. Finally, while very high levels of monitoring were especially helpful in intact families, very high levels of monitoring were harmful in stepfamilies where less trust and closeness between stepfathers and adolescents may lead to monitoring being viewed by adolescents as intrusive and interfering. Given the paucity of work showing nonlinear associations between fathering and adolescent outcomes, further research is needed to validate these nonlinear associations between fathering and adolescent adjustment.
