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Chunk #8 — METHODS AND MATERIALS — Analysis of Real Data

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Pervasive Downward Bias in Estimates of Liability-Scale Heritability in Genome-wide Association Study Meta-analysis: A Simple Solution.
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We examined liability-scale heritability estimates for publicly available, European only summary statistics for 12 major disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (12), alcohol dependence (13), Alzheimer’s disease (ALZ) (14), anorexia nervosa (15), autism spectrum disorder (16), bipolar disorder (17), cannabis use disorder (18), major depressive disorder (19), obsessive-compulsive disorder (20), posttraumatic stress disorder (21), schizophrenia (22), and Tourette syndrome (23). For each set of summary statistics, we followed the standard quality control procedure of filtering out SNPs with an imputation quality (INFO) score < 0.9 and minor allele frequency <1% and filtering to SNPs present in the HapMap3 file excluding the major histocompatibility complex region and sex chromosomes. In line with prior work for ALZ, we also removed the APOE region prior to calculating heritability. In addition, for ALZ we confirmed that the GERAD (Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer’s Disease) consortium was analyzed as a single cohort while the remaining contributing consortia (ADGC [Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium], CHARGE [Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology], and EADI [European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative]) reflected meta-analyzed summary statistics obtained from individual cohorts. Thus,